Last data update: May 20, 2024. (Total: 46824 publications since 2009)
Records 1-16 (of 16 Records) |
Query Trace: Ikeda R[original query] |
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Chlamydia trachomatis seroassays used in epidemiologic research: a narrative review and practical considerations
Waters MB , Hybiske K , Ikeda R , Kaltenboeck B , Manhart LE , Kreisel KM , Khosropour CM . J Infect Dis 2024 Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to adverse reproductive health outcomes. CT prevalence estimates are primarily derived from screening using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). However, screening guidelines in the United States only include particular subpopulations, and NAATs only detect current infections. In contrast, seroassays identify past CT infections which are important for understanding the public health impacts of CT, including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal factor infertility. Older seroassays have been plagued by low sensitivity and specificity and have not been validated using a consistent reference measure, making it challenging to compare studies, define the epidemiology of CT and determine the effectiveness of control programs. Newer seroassays have better performance characteristics. This narrative review summarizes the "state of the science" for CT seroassays that have been applied in epidemiologic studies and provides practical considerations for interpreting the literature and employing seroassays in future research. |
Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)
Kuhn JH , Abe J , Adkins S , Alkhovsky SV , Avšič-Županc T , Ayllón MA , Bahl J , Balkema-Buschmann A , Ballinger MJ , Kumar Baranwal V , Beer M , Bejerman N , Bergeron É , Biedenkopf N , Blair CD , Blasdell KR , Blouin AG , Bradfute SB , Briese T , Brown PA , Buchholz UJ , Buchmeier MJ , Bukreyev A , Burt F , Büttner C , Calisher CH , Cao M , Casas I , Chandran K , Charrel RN , Kumar Chaturvedi K , Chooi KM , Crane A , Dal Bó E , Carlos de la Torre J , de Souza WM , de Swart RL , Debat H , Dheilly NM , Di Paola N , Di Serio F , Dietzgen RG , Digiaro M , Drexler JF , Duprex WP , Dürrwald R , Easton AJ , Elbeaino T , Ergünay K , Feng G , Firth AE , Fooks AR , Formenty PBH , Freitas-Astúa J , Gago-Zachert S , Laura García M , García-Sastre A , Garrison AR , Gaskin TR , Gong W , Gonzalez JJ , de Bellocq J , Griffiths A , Groschup MH , Günther I , Günther S , Hammond J , Hasegawa Y , Hayashi K , Hepojoki J , Higgins CM , Hongō S , Horie M , Hughes HR , Hume AJ , Hyndman TH , Ikeda K , Jiāng D , Jonson GB , Junglen S , Klempa B , Klingström J , Kondō H , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kubota K , Kurath G , Laenen L , Lambert AJ , Lǐ J , Li JM , Liu R , Lukashevich IS , MacDiarmid RM , Maes P , Marklewitz M , Marshall SH , Marzano SL , McCauley JW , Mirazimi A , Mühlberger E , Nabeshima T , Naidu R , Natsuaki T , Navarro B , Navarro JA , Neriya Y , Netesov SV , Neumann G , Nowotny N , Nunes MRT , Ochoa-Corona FM , Okada T , Palacios G , Pallás V , Papa A , Paraskevopoulou S , Parrish CR , Pauvolid-Corrêa A , Pawęska JT , Pérez DR , Pfaff F , Plemper RK , Postler TS , Rabbidge LO , Radoshitzky SR , Ramos-González PL , Rehanek M , Resende RO , Reyes CA , Rodrigues TCS , Romanowski V , Rubbenstroth D , Rubino L , Runstadler JA , Sabanadzovic S , Sadiq S , Salvato MS , Sasaya T , Schwemmle M , Sharpe SR , Shi M , Shimomoto Y , Kavi Sidharthan V , Sironi M , Smither S , Song JW , Spann KM , Spengler JR , Stenglein MD , Takada A , Takeyama S , Tatara A , Tesh RB , Thornburg NJ , Tian X , Tischler ND , Tomitaka Y , Tomonaga K , Tordo N , Tu C , Turina M , Tzanetakis IE , Maria Vaira A , van den Hoogen B , Vanmechelen B , Vasilakis N , Verbeek M , von Bargen S , Wada J , Wahl V , Walker PJ , Waltzek TB , Whitfield AE , Wolf YI , Xia H , Xylogianni E , Yanagisawa H , Yano K , Ye G , Yuan Z , Zerbini FM , Zhang G , Zhang S , Zhang YZ , Zhao L , Økland AL . J Gen Virol 2023 104 (8) In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. |
Wastewater sequencing uncovers early, cryptic SARS-CoV-2 variant transmission (preprint)
Karthikeyan S , Levy JI , De Hoff P , Humphrey G , Birmingham A , Jepsen K , Farmer S , Tubb HM , Valles T , Tribelhorn CE , Tsai R , Aigner S , Sathe S , Moshiri N , Henson B , Mark AM , Hakim A , Baer NA , Barber T , Belda-Ferre P , Chacón M , Cheung W , Cresini ES , Eisner ER , Lastrella AL , Lawrence ES , Marotz CA , Ngo TT , Ostrander T , Plascencia A , Salido RA , Seaver P , Smoot EW , McDonald D , Neuhard RM , Scioscia AL , Satterlund AM , Simmons EH , Abelman DB , Brenner D , Bruner JC , Buckley A , Ellison M , Gattas J , Gonias SL , Hale M , Hawkins F , Ikeda L , Jhaveri H , Johnson T , Kellen V , Kremer B , Matthews G , McLawhon RW , Ouillet P , Park D , Pradenas A , Reed S , Riggs L , Sanders A , Sollenberger B , Song A , White B , Winbush T , Aceves CM , Anderson C , Gangavarapu K , Hufbauer E , Kurzban E , Lee J , Matteson NL , Parker E , Perkins SA , Ramesh KS , Robles-Sikisaka R , Schwab MA , Spencer E , Wohl S , Nicholson L , McHardy IH , Dimmock DP , Hobbs CA , Bakhtar O , Harding A , Mendoza A , Bolze A , Becker D , Cirulli ET , Isaksson M , Barrett KMS , Washington NL , Malone JD , Schafer AM , Gurfield N , Stous S , Fielding-Miller R , Garfein RS , Gaines T , Anderson C , Martin NK , Schooley R , Austin B , MacCannell DR , Kingsmore SF , Lee W , Shah S , McDonald E , Yu AT , Zeller M , Fisch KM , Longhurst C , Maysent P , Pride D , Khosla PK , Laurent LC , Yeo GW , Andersen KG , Knight R . medRxiv 2022 As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and evolve, detecting emerging variants early is critical for public health interventions. Inferring lineage prevalence by clinical testing is infeasible at scale, especially in areas with limited resources, participation, or testing/sequencing capacity, which can also introduce biases. SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater successfully tracks regional infection dynamics and provides less biased abundance estimates than clinical testing. Tracking virus genomic sequences in wastewater would improve community prevalence estimates and detect emerging variants. However, two factors limit wastewater-based genomic surveillance: low-quality sequence data and inability to estimate relative lineage abundance in mixed samples. Here, we resolve these critical issues to perform a high-resolution, 295-day wastewater and clinical sequencing effort, in the controlled environment of a large university campus and the broader context of the surrounding county. We develop and deploy improved virus concentration protocols and deconvolution software that fully resolve multiple virus strains from wastewater. We detect emerging variants of concern up to 14 days earlier in wastewater samples, and identify multiple instances of virus spread not captured by clinical genomic surveillance. Our study provides a scalable solution for wastewater genomic surveillance that allows early detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants and identification of cryptic transmission. |
Social determinants of health-an approach taken at CDC
Hacker K , Auerbach J , Ikeda R , Philip C , Houry D . J Public Health Manag Pract 2022 28 (6) 589-594 In the last decade, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of addressing the social determinants of health (SDOH), the nonmedical conditions that influence health outcomes,1 as a systemic strategy for improving health, particularly among groups that are disproportionally affected by SDOH.2 While health care is important, it is estimated that these conditions, ranging from structural racism to socioeconomic factors, drive as much as 50% of health outcomes.3 |
Integrating hypertension and HIV care in Namibia: A quality improvement collaborative approach
Basenero A , Neidel J , Ikeda DJ , Ashivudhi H , Mpariwa S , Kamangu JWN , Mpalang Kakubu MA , Hans L , Mutandi G , Jed S , Tjituka F , Hamunime N , Agins BD . PLoS One 2022 17 (8) e0272727 BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HTN) is highly prevalent among people with HIV (PWH) in Namibia, but screening and treatment for HTN are not routinely offered as part of HIV care delivery. We report the implementation of a quality improvement collaborative (QIC) to accelerate integration of HTN and HIV care within public-sector health facilities in Namibia. METHODS: Twenty-four facilities participated in the QIC with the aim of increasing HTN screening and treatment among adult PWH (>15 years). HTN was defined according to national treatment guidelines (i.e., systolic blood pressure >140 and/or diastolic blood pressure >90 across three measurements and at least two occasions), and decisions regarding initiation of treatment were made by physicians only. Teams from participating hospitals used quality improvement methods, monthly measurement of performance indicators, and small-scale tests of change to implement contextually tailored interventions. Coaching of sites was performed on a monthly basis by clinical officers with expertise in QI and HIV, and sites were convened as part of learning sessions to facilitate diffusion of effective interventions. RESULTS: Between March 2017 and March 2018, hypertension screening occurred as part of 183,043 (86%) clinical encounters at participating facilities. Among 1,759 PWH newly diagnosed with HTN, 992 (56%) were initiated on first-line treatment. Rates of treatment initiation were higher in facilities with an on-site physician (61%) compared to those without one (51%). During the QIC, facility teams identified fourteen interventions to improve HTN screening and treatment. Among barriers to implementation, teams pointed to malfunctions of blood pressure machines and stock outs of antihypertensive medications as common challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a QIC provided a structured approach for integrating HTN and HIV services across 24 high-volume facilities in Namibia. As rates of HTN treatment remained low despite ongoing facility-level changes, policy-level interventions-such as task sharing and supply chain strengthening-should be pursued to further improve delivery of HTN care among PWH beyond initial screening. |
Wastewater sequencing reveals early cryptic SARS-CoV-2 variant transmission.
Karthikeyan S , Levy JI , De Hoff P , Humphrey G , Birmingham A , Jepsen K , Farmer S , Tubb HM , Valles T , Tribelhorn CE , Tsai R , Aigner S , Sathe S , Moshiri N , Henson B , Mark AM , Hakim A , Baer NA , Barber T , Belda-Ferre P , Chacón M , Cheung W , Cresini ES , Eisner ER , Lastrella AL , Lawrence ES , Marotz CA , Ngo TT , Ostrander T , Plascencia A , Salido RA , Seaver P , Smoot EW , McDonald D , Neuhard RM , Scioscia AL , Satterlund AM , Simmons EH , Abelman DB , Brenner D , Bruner JC , Buckley A , Ellison M , Gattas J , Gonias SL , Hale M , Hawkins F , Ikeda L , Jhaveri H , Johnson T , Kellen V , Kremer B , Matthews G , McLawhon RW , Ouillet P , Park D , Pradenas A , Reed S , Riggs L , Sanders A , Sollenberger B , Song A , White B , Winbush T , Aceves CM , Anderson C , Gangavarapu K , Hufbauer E , Kurzban E , Lee J , Matteson NL , Parker E , Perkins SA , Ramesh KS , Robles-Sikisaka R , Schwab MA , Spencer E , Wohl S , Nicholson L , McHardy IH , Dimmock DP , Hobbs CA , Bakhtar O , Harding A , Mendoza A , Bolze A , Becker D , Cirulli ET , Isaksson M , Schiabor Barrett KM , Washington NL , Malone JD , Schafer AM , Gurfield N , Stous S , Fielding-Miller R , Garfein RS , Gaines T , Anderson C , Martin NK , Schooley R , Austin B , MacCannell DR , Kingsmore SF , Lee W , Shah S , McDonald E , Yu AT , Zeller M , Fisch KM , Longhurst C , Maysent P , Pride D , Khosla PK , Laurent LC , Yeo GW , Andersen KG , Knight R . Nature 2022 609 (7925) 101-108 As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and evolve, detecting emerging variants early is critical for public health interventions. Inferring lineage prevalence by clinical testing is infeasible at scale, especially in areas with limited resources, participation, or testing/sequencing capacity, which can also introduce biases(1-3). SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater successfully tracks regional infection dynamics and provides less biased abundance estimates than clinical testing(4,5). Tracking virus genomic sequences in wastewater would improve community prevalence estimates and detect emerging variants. However, two factors limit wastewater-based genomic surveillance: low-quality sequence data and inability to estimate relative lineage abundance in mixed samples. Here, we resolve these critical issues to perform a high-resolution, 295-day wastewater and clinical sequencing effort, in the controlled environment of a large university campus and the broader context of the surrounding county. We develop and deploy improved virus concentration protocols and deconvolution software that fully resolve multiple virus strains from wastewater. We detect emerging variants of concern up to 14 days earlier in wastewater samples, and identify multiple instances of virus spread not captured by clinical genomic surveillance. Our study provides a scalable solution for wastewater genomic surveillance that allows early detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants and identification of cryptic transmission. |
Accuracy of the tuberculosis point-of-care Alere determine lipoarabinomannan antigen diagnostic test using -mannosidase treated and untreated urine in a cohort of people living with HIV in Guatemala
García JI , Meléndez J , Álvarez R , Mejía-Chew C , Kelley HV , Sidiki S , Castillo A , Mazariegos C , López-Téllez C , Forno D , Ayala N , Balada-Llasat JM , Mejía-Villatoro CR , Wang SH , Torrelles JB , Ikeda J . AIDS Res Ther 2020 17 (1) 62 BACKGROUND: Improved point-of-care diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) in severe immune suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH) are needed to decrease morbidity and mortality outcomes. The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of the lipoarabinomannan antigen test (LAM-test) with and without α-mannosidase pre-treated urine in a cohort of PLWH in primary care clinics in Guatemala. We further determined TB incidence, and mortality rates and its risk factors in PLWH with TB symptoms. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study of PLWH with TB symptoms. Urine samples were collected at 2 HIV sites to test the sensitivity of the LAM-test in urine with and without α-mannosidase pre-treatment. A composite reference standard of either a positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex culture and/or GeneXpert(®) MTB/RIF (Xpert, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) results was used in the LAM-test diagnostic accuracy studies. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to study mortality predictors. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of the LAM-test was of 56.1% with 95% CI of (43.3-68.3). There were no differences in the LAM-test sensitivity neither by hospital nor by CD4 T cell values. LAM-test sensitivity in PLWH with < 200 CD4 T cells/µl was of 62.2% (95% CI 46.5-76.2). There were no significant differences in sensitivity when comparing LAM-test results obtained from untreated vs. α-mannosidase treated urine [55.2% (95% CI 42.6-67.4) vs. 56.9% (95% CI 44-69.2), respectively]. TB incidence in our cohort was of 21.4/100 person years (PYs) (95% CI 16.6-27.6), and mortality rate was of 11.1/100 PYs (95% CI 8.2-15.0). Importantly, PLWH with a positive LAM-test result had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of death of 1.98 (1.0-3.8) with a significant p value of 0.044 when compared to PLWH with a negative LAM-test result. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, α-mannosidase treatment of urine did not significantly increase the LAM-test performance, however; this needs to be further evaluated in a large-scale study due to our study limitations. Importantly, high rates of TB incidence and mortality were found, and a positive LAM-test result predicted mortality in PLWH with TB clinical symptoms. |
A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys
Hajifathalian K , Ueda P , Lu Y , Woodward M , Ahmadvand A , Aguilar-Salinas CA , Azizi F , Cifkova R , Di Cesare M , Eriksen L , Farzadfar F , Ikeda N , Khalili D , Khang YH , Lanska V , Leon-Munoz L , Magliano D , Msyamboza KP , Oh K , Rodriguez-Artalejo F , Rojas-Martinez R , Shaw JE , Stevens GA , Tolstrup J , Zhou B , Salomon JA , Ezzati M , Danaei G . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015 3 (5) 339-55 BACKGROUND: Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors based on disease risk depends on valid risk prediction equations. We aimed to develop, and apply in example countries, a risk prediction equation for cardiovascular disease (consisting here of coronary heart disease and stroke) that can be recalibrated and updated for application in different countries with routinely available information. METHODS: We used data from eight prospective cohort studies to estimate coefficients of the risk equation with proportional hazard regressions. The risk prediction equation included smoking, blood pressure, diabetes, and total cholesterol, and allowed the effects of sex and age on cardiovascular disease to vary between cohorts or countries. We developed risk equations for fatal cardiovascular disease and for fatal plus non-fatal cardiovascular disease. We validated the risk equations internally and also using data from three cohorts that were not used to create the equations. We then used the risk prediction equation and data from recent (2006 or later) national health surveys to estimate the proportion of the population at different levels of cardiovascular disease risk in 11 countries from different world regions (China, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Iran, Japan, Malawi, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, and USA). FINDINGS: The risk score discriminated well in internal and external validations, with C statistics generally 70% or more. At any age and risk factor level, the estimated 10 year fatal cardiovascular disease risk varied substantially between countries. The prevalence of people at high risk of fatal cardiovascular disease was lowest in South Korea, Spain, and Denmark, where only 5-10% of men and women had more than a 10% risk, and 62-77% of men and 79-82% of women had less than a 3% risk. Conversely, the proportion of people at high risk of fatal cardiovascular disease was largest in China and Mexico. In China, 33% of men and 28% of women had a 10-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease of 10% or more, whereas in Mexico, the prevalence of this high risk was 16% for men and 11% for women. The prevalence of less than a 3% risk was 37% for men and 42% for women in China, and 55% for men and 69% for women in Mexico. INTERPRETATION: We developed a cardiovascular disease risk equation that can be recalibrated for application in different countries with routinely available information. The estimated percentage of people at high risk of fatal cardiovascular disease was higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. FUNDING: US National Institutes of Health, UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust. |
Multilocus sequence typing analysis reveals that Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans is a recombinant population.
Cogliati M , Zani A , Rickerts V , McCormick I , Desnos-Ollivier M , Velegraki A , Escandon P , Ichikawa T , Ikeda R , Bienvenue AL , Tintelnot K , Tore O , Akcaglar S , Lockhart S , Tortorano AM , Varma A . Fungal Genet Biol 2016 87 22-29 Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D) represents about 30% of the clinical isolates in Europe and is present less frequently in the other continents. It is the prevalent etiological agent in primary cutaneous cryptococcosis as well as in cryptococcal skin lesions of disseminated cryptococcosis. Very little is known about the genotypic diversity of this Cryptococcus subtype. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic diversity among a set of clinical and environmental C. neoformans var. neoformans isolates and to evaluate the relationship between genotypes, geographical origin and clinical manifestations. A total of 83 globally collected C. neoformans var. neoformans isolates from Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Turkey, Thailand, Japan, Colombia, and the USA, recovered from different sources (primary and secondary cutaneous cryptococcosis, disseminated cryptococcosis, the environment, and animals), were included in the study. All isolates were confirmed to belong to genotype VNIV by molecular typing and they were further investigated by MLST analysis. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic as well as network analysis strongly suggested the existence of a recombinant rather than a clonal population structure. Geographical origin and source of isolation were not correlated with a specific MLST genotype. The comparison with a set of outgroup C. neoformans var. grubii isolates provided clear evidence that the two varieties have different population structures. |
Improving national data systems for surveillance of suicide-related events
Ikeda R , Hedegaard H , Crosby AE , Regina Seider R , Warner W , Data and Surveillance Task Force of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention . Am J Prev Med 2014 47 S122-9 BACKGROUND: Describing the characteristics and patterns of suicidal behavior is an essential component in developing successful prevention efforts. The Data and Surveillance Task Force (DSTF) of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention was charged with making recommendations for improving national data systems for public health surveillance of suicide-related problems, including suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and deaths due to suicide. PURPOSE: Data from the national systems can be used to draw attention to the magnitude of the problem and are useful for establishing national health priorities. National data can also be used to examine differences in rates across groups (e.g., sex, racial/ethnic, and age groups) and geographic regions, and are useful in identifying patterns in the mechanism of suicide, including those that rarely occur. METHODS: Using evaluation criteria from the CDC, WHO, and the U.S.A.-based Safe States Alliance, the DSTF reviewed 28 national data systems for feasibility of use in the surveillance of suicidal behavior, including deaths, nonfatal attempts, and suicidal thoughts. The review criteria included attributes such as the aspects of the suicide-related spectrum (e.g., thoughts, attempts, deaths) covered by the system; how the data are collected (e.g., census, sample, survey, administrative data files, self-report, reporting by care providers); and the strengths and limitations of the survey or data system. RESULTS: The DSTF identified common strengths and challenges among the data systems based on the underlying data source (e.g., death records, healthcare provider records, population-based surveys, health insurance claims). From these findings, the DSTF proposed several recommendations for improving existing data systems, such as using standard language and definitions, adding new variables to existing surveys, expanding the geographic scope of surveys to include areas where data are not currently collected, oversampling of underrepresented groups, and improving the completeness and quality of information on death certificates. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the DSTF recommendations are potentially achievable in the short term (<1-3 years) within existing data systems, whereas others involve more extensive changes and will require longer-term efforts (4-10 years). Implementing these recommendations would assist in the development of a national coordinated program of fatal and nonfatal suicide surveillance to facilitate evidence-based action to reduce the incidence of suicide and suicidal behavior in all populations. |
Robust regression analysis of copy number variation data based on a univariate score.
Satten GA , Allen AS , Ikeda M , Mulle JG , Warren ST . PLoS One 2014 9 (2) e86272 MOTIVATION: The discovery that copy number variants (CNVs) are widespread in the human genome has motivated development of numerous algorithms that attempt to detect CNVs from intensity data. However, all approaches are plagued by high false discovery rates. Further, because CNVs are characterized by two dimensions (length and intensity) it is unclear how to order called CNVs to prioritize experimental validation. RESULTS: We developed a univariate score that correlates with the likelihood that a CNV is true. This score can be used to order CNV calls in such a way that calls having larger scores are more likely to overlap a true CNV. We developed cnv.beast, a computationally efficient algorithm for calling CNVs that uses robust backward elimination regression to keep CNV calls with scores that exceed a user-defined threshold. Using an independent dataset that was measured using a different platform, we validated our score and showed that our approach performed better than six other currently-available methods. AVAILABILITY: cnv.beast is available at http://www.duke.edu/~asallen/Software.html. |
Institutionalizing public health department accreditation through CDC opportunities
Monroe J , Collins J , Ikeda R , Khabbaz R . J Public Health Manag Pract 2014 20 (1) 141-4 This commentary discusses institutionalizing public health department accreditation through CDC opportunities. To realize these opportunities, it requires the engagement of national, state, and local partners. | Everybody doing his best is not the answer. It is first necessary that people know what to do. | W. Edwards Deming | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) mission is to help create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health—through health promotion; prevention of disease, injury, and disability; and preparedness to promptly address new health threats. It has a long-standing partnership with state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to help accomplish and further the public health mission. States and localities have the legal responsibility for public health and serve on the front lines as the first to recognize and respond to health threats. The federal government, on the contrary, has resources, expertise, and the responsibility to assess the health of the nation and make recommendations for improvement.1 Given the diversity in size, structure, and activities in health departments, developing standards for governmental public health practice has been a long-standing challenge. Fortunately, the collaborative work necessary to establish accreditation through the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) has forged a national consensus on standards for public health departments. |
Development and application of a high-throughput microneutralization assay: lack of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus and/or murine leukemia virus detection in blood donors
Zhou Y , Steffen I , Montalvo L , Lee TH , Zemel R , Switzer WM , Tang S , Jia H , Heneine W , Winkelman V , Tailor CS , Ikeda Y , Simmons G . Transfusion 2012 52 (2) 332-42 BACKGROUND: Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) and other related MLVs have been described with chronic fatigue syndrome and certain types of prostate cancer. In addition, prevalence rates as high as 7% have been reported in blood donors, raising the risk of transfusion-related transmission. Several laboratories have utilized microneutralization assays as a surrogate marker for detection of anti-MLV serologic responses-with up to 25% of prostate cancer patients reported to harbor neutralizing antibody responses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed a high-throughput microneutralization assay for research studies on blood donors using retroviral vectors pseudotyped with XMRV-specific envelopes. Infection with these pseudotypes was neutralized by sera from both macaques and mice challenged with XMRV, but not preimmune serum. A total of 354 plasma samples from blood donors in the Reno/Tahoe area were screened for neutralization. RESULTS: A total of 6.5% of donor samples gave moderate neutralization of XMRV, but not control pseudotypes. However, further testing by Western blot revealed no evidence of antibodies against MLVs in any of these samples. Furthermore, no evidence of infectious virus or viral nucleic acid was observed. CONCLUSION: A microneutralization assay was developed for detection of XMRV and can be applied in a high-throughput format for large-scale studies. Although a proportion of blood donors demonstrated the ability to block XMRV envelope-mediated infection, we found no evidence that this inhibition was mediated by specific antibodies elicited by exposure to XMRV or MLV. It is likely that this moderate neutralization is mediated through another, nonspecific mechanism. |
Preventing unintentional injury: a review of behavior change theories for primary care
Sleet DA , Gielen AC , Diekman S , Ikeda R . Am J Lifestyle Med 2010 4 (1) 25-31 Many injuries are preventable, and most have a behavioral component on their causal pathway. However, far more effective use of theory-based approaches to behavioral risk management is needed, which remains a challenge for practitioners. This review discusses theories and applications of behavioral change principles for use in primary care and community health settings. Injury-related behaviors cannot be separated from the environments in which they take place. Preventing unintentional injuries requires an understanding of patient knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, as well as community norms, that lead to injuries. In addition to the role clinicians have in counseling for lifestyle change to prevent injuries, reducing exposure of patients to hazardous products and environments, and fostering social and organizational change to improve public policy, legislation, and enforcement to prevent injuries are equally important. Challenges lie ahead in testing the applicability of these theories in primary care settings and in predicting and understanding injury-related behaviors of patients. Training more medical practitioners in the epidemiology of injury and the science of injury control is an urgent priority. Success will partly depend on how behavioral theories can be integrated into practice and adapted through clinical experience to benefit patients. |
Injury prevention and lifestyle medicine: forward
Ikeda RM . Am J Lifestyle Med 2010 4 (1) 5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine share a common goal: to increase awareness of lifestyle-based causes of disease and injury in the general public and to assist in the integration of health professionals working in lifestyle-related disease and injury management and prevention.In addition to the many preventable diseases that afflict us, there is one health threat that the public still accepts as a fait accompli: injuries. We’ve not yet fully integrated injury prevention into preven-tive medicine, and patients are not as educated on how to lower injury risks as they are on how to lower cancer or heart disease risks.This is the first time the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine has prepared a theme issue addressing injury. Many, including health professionals, do not yet fully grasp the burden of injuries, their costs, and their devastating impact on public health and health care. Yet inju-ries kill more Americans in their first 3 decades of life than any other cause of death. In fact, injuries—both uninten-tional and those caused by acts of violence—are among the top 10 killers for Americans of all ages. |
Active cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at work and home, and self-rated health
Nakata A , Takahashi M , Swanson NG , Ikeda T , Hojou M . Public Health 2009 123 (10) 650-6 OBJECTIVES: Although active smoking has been reported to be associated with poor self-rated health (SRH), its association with secondhand smoke (SHS) is not well understood. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the association of active smoking and SHS exposure with SRH. METHODS: A total of 2558 workers (1899 men and 689 women), aged 16-83 (mean 45) years, in 296 small and medium-sized enterprises were surveyed by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Smoking status and exposure levels to SHS (no, occasional or regular) among lifetime non-smokers were assessed separately at work and at home. SRH was assessed with the question: How would you describe your health during the past 1-year period (very poor, poor, good, very good)? SRH was dichotomized into suboptimal (poor, very poor) and optimal (good, very good). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for reporting suboptimal vs optimal SRH according to smoking status and smoke exposure were calculated. RESULTS: Current heavy smokers (20+ cigarettes/day) had a significantly increased suboptimal SRH than lifetime non-smokers after adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, physical and occupational factors (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.69). Similarly, lifetime non-smokers occasionally exposed to SHS at work alone had worse SRH than their unexposed counterparts (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.02-2.11). In contrast, lifetime non-smokers exposed at home alone had no significant increase in suboptimal SRH. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates an increase in suboptimal SRH among current heavy smokers, and suggests that SHS exposure at work is a possible risk factor for non-smokers. Whether or not the association is causal, control of smoking at work may protect workers from developing future health conditions. |
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